PINTURAS Y ESCULTURAS DEL BARROCO

PINTURA BARROCA

La pintura barroca es la pintura relacionada con el movimiento          cultural barroco. 

El movimiento se le identifica con el absolutismo, la Contrarreforma y el renacimiento católico, pero la       existencia de importante arte y        arquitectura barrocos en países no     absolutistas y protestantes por toda   Europa Occidental evidencian su         amplia popularidad. 

La pintura adquirió un papel prioritario dentro de las manifestaciones artísticas, y llegó a ser la expresión más característica del peso de la religión en los países católicos y del gusto burgués en los países protestante.

Sin duda el XVII el el siglo de oro de las artes en España como consecuencia de un momento dulce cultural.

La pintura barroca del Siglo de Oro en España tiene una serie de características más o menos comunes:

• Predominan los temas religiosos porque es el momento de la Contrarreforma.
• Los pintores españoles reciben la influencia del tenebrismo de Caravaggio en el tratamiento de la luz, aunque luego lo abandonan.
• Existe una deliberada ausencia de sensualidad en la pintura como consecuencia del periodo histórico que se vive, muy influido por el miedo a la Inquisición.
• El principal cliente de los pintores es la poderosa Iglesia de la época.
  
  
  
  Rapto de las Sabinas.
  
  El predominio del tenebrismo naturalista de influencia italiana había empezado tímidamente en El Escorial, y llega a Valencia de la mano de , Francisco Ribalta, quien iniciará una escuela particularmente definida tras su establecimiento en esta capital en 1599. Su producción pictórica es toda una lección del ambiente escurialense con evocaciones de Cambiaso, Zuccaro, Tibaldi, pero en Valencia evoluciona hacia un arte de profundo sentimiento religioso motivado por la contemplación de los cuadros de Sebastiano del Piombo que tenía la familia Vich, como se observa en el Encuentro del Nazareno con su madre. Uno de sus mejores logros naturalistas es San Francisco abrazado al crucificado, en el que una luz dirigida contribuye al arrobo místico y fervorosa entrega del franciscano; y el prodigioso Retablo de la Cartuja de Portacoeli, realizado entre 1625-1628, del que llama la atención la monumental apostura de los modelos naturalistas, destacando el San Bruno por su intensidad expresiva.
  
  Museo de bellas artes de Valencia.
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  ESCULTURA BARROCA
  
  

UNIT 9-THE HABSBURG DYNASTY

1.THE EMPIRE OF CHARLES I

  

 -Heir to an empire

Charles I of Spain, who was also Charles V of Germany, was the son of Joanna of Castile and the German prince Philip of Habsburg. His inheritance included:

• From his mother's side, the Kingdom of Castile, Navarre, the Crown of Aragon and territories in America and Italy.

• From his father's side, the Netherlands, Luxemburg and Granche-comté. When his grandfaher, the Emperor Maximilian, died, he also inherited his German territories and was given the title of Emperor.

 -Problems within the Empire

Charles I ruled from 1559 but took little interest in the Iberian Peninsula. Several revolts took place during his reing:

• The Revolt of the Comuneros was an uprising of nobles, the bourgeoisie and the peasants of Castile against the king's economec policy. The revolt was defeated by the army of Charles I.

• The Revolt of the Brotherhoods was an uprising of artisans and peasants in Valencia and Mallorca. The artisans wanted access to government office and the peasants wanted better rental conditions. The king's army suppressed the revolt.

-Problems abroad

Charles I also fought against foreing powers to defend his authority and the Catholic religion:

• He went to war with France, defeated the French army in the Battle of Pavia.

•  He fought the Turks.

•  He confonted the German princes, who supported Lutheran reform.

2.THE SPANISH EMPIRE OF PHILIP II

-Philip II's government

In 1556, Charles I gave the title of Emperor of Germany and his Austria territories to his younguer son Ferdinand. 

He gave the rest of his territories, which included Spain, to his older son Philip

-Foreing policy  

Philip II tried to maintain Spanish power in Eurpoe and imposed the Catholic religion. This policy led his forces into several armed conflicts:

• Against the French, who defeated in the Battle of Saint-Quenting in 1557.

• Against the Turks, who defeated in the Battle of Lepanto in 1571.

• Against England, which supported the Protestants and attacked Spanish ships trading with America. He sent the Spanish Armada to invade England.

• Against Flanders, which revolted against high taxes and suffered because of the religious conflict. Philip II sent tercios to the area.

 When de king of Portugal died without and heir, Philip II annexed Portugal.

 3.SPANISH ECONOMIC AND SOCIETY IN THE 16th CENTURY.

-The economy

During the 16th century, large amounts of gold and silver were brought to Spain from America.

An increase in the demand for goods from America led to growth in trade and commerce.

Most trade took place in Castilian cities and Atlantic ports, such as Seville.

Spanish and foreing traders brought goods from all over Europe to the Iberian Peninsula. Traders then distributed American goods.

Most of the land belonged to the aristocracy or the Church and was used mostly for livestock farming.

-Society

In the 16th century, the population of Spain increased, especially in Castile.

The privileged class was made up of nobles and clergy, who owned most of the land. Eighty percent of the population were peasants, who paid taxes and had limited rights.

Other groups in Spanish society included Moriscos (converted Muslims) and converted Jews.

4.THE DECLINE OF DE EMPIRE IN THE 17th CENTURY

-Philip III: The government of favourites

Monarchs in the 17th century left governing to favourites, who became very powerful mimisters. Philip III delegated power to the Duke of Lerma, who maintained peace abroad.

In 1609, Philip III ordered the expulsion of the Moriscos from the Peninsula.

 -Philip IV: The end of European dominace

Philip IV appointed the Count-Duke of Olivares as his favourite.

This policy led to a war with France known as the Thirty Years' War. The war ended with the signing of the Peace of Westphlia treaty in 1648.

In Andalusia the revolt was suppressed, but Portugal managed to separate from the Spanish Crown with support from England and France.

 

Catalonia also received help from the French and the ensuing conflict continued until 1652. The war between Spain and France finally ended with the signing of the Treaty of the Pyrenees in 1659.

-Charles II: Crisis in the Habsburg Monarchy

Spain experienced a period of crisis during the reign of Charles II, Spain's last Habsburg monarch. The crisis was caused by the king's incompetence, corruption among his favourites and a number of economic problems.

When Charles II died without an heir in 1700, the War of the Spanish Succession broke out between Australia. 

5.ECONOMIC AND SOCIAL CRISIS IN THE 17th CENTURY 

-Crisis in the Crown of Castile

In the 17th century, there was a sharp decrease in the population of Castile because of emigration to America.

A agricultural conditions worsened, many peasants moved to cities. Livestock farming also suffered, after years of war and drought had destroyed pastureland,

Industry and trade decreased significantly because of foreing competition, poverty and limited demand for goods from America.

While the nobles acquired more new property and other luxuries, the peasants artisans and hidalgos struggled to survive the economic crisis.

- The crisis and the crown of Aragon

The crisis did not have the same effect on places like Aragon, which had not been central to America trade. Aragon's more stable economy allowed new trading companies to appear, and a silk textile industry also began.

  

              

OTHER EXPLORER

 Vasco Núñez.

He was born in Jerez de los Caballeros in 1475. A descendant of the lords of the castle of Balboa, Villafranca, in the current León.

It reached the New World managed to quickly replace Enciso as head of the new colony of Santa Maria de la Antigua del Darien. In 1509, he escaped from his creditors in Santo Domingo, embarked as a stowaway (in a barrel) in the expedition led by the Mayor of New Andalusia Martin Fernandez de Enciso that came to help the governor Alonso de Ojeda. It was soon revealed as a great administrator, also equipped with good military uniforms.

Having heard the natives of a large expanse of water lying beyond the mountains, whose shores were rich in pearls and gold, in 1513 crossed mountains Isthmus of Panama and espuccifirst saw the Pacific Ocean, which took office on behalf of the King of Spain. He was replaced as governor of Castilla de Oro by Pedrarias Davila, who sent you to discover the fantastic treasures Dobayba. Recent failure of the expedition, was appointed in 1515 ahead of the South Sea under the authority of Pedrarias.

He planned an exploration of the Pacific coast to the south with the intention to get to Peru, which had heard in 1513. Required by Pedrarias, was accused of imaginary crimes and with the collaboration of Francisco Pizarro, was convicted and beheaded enAcla 15 January 1519.

Vasco Nunez de Balboa was the first European to see the Pacific Ocean from its eastern coast and the first European city to establish a permanent American mainland.

Amerigo Vespucci.

Amerigo Vespucci was a great Italian cartographer who worked in the service of Spain and Portugal, in the late fifteenth and early sixteenth century.

Born in Florence on March 9 in 1451. His parents were Nastagio Vespucci (trader) and Lisa di Giovanni Mini. He studied at the school of aristocrats of the Convent of San Marcos.

In 1489 he moved to Seville to work as manager of a bank branch of the Medici. Shortly after it was associated with Juanoto Berardi, and together helped in the preparations of the first voyage of Christopher Columbus (1492).

Friend of Columbus was, but it was one of the first to doubt that his expedition to Asia is coming. In 1499, by order of King Ferdinand of Spain, Vespucci made an expedition that sailed along the north coast of South America. In 1501, he sailed by Brazilian coast commissioned by King Manuel of Portugal.

Their own expeditions convinced him that the land discovered by Columbus were not Asia, but a "Mundus Novus" (New World). By 1504 he developed the world map where the American continent first appears.

In 1507, the editors of the book "Introduction to Cosmography" included the map where the New World appears to which they christened "America" in honor of Vespucci, for being the "intellectual discoverer" of this continent.

Amerigo Vespucci died in Seville on February 22, 1512.

Juan Sebastián Elcano.

He born in 1476 in Guetaria, Guipúzcoa.

His parents were from Puerto Catalina and Juan Domingo Elcano. From his youth he sailed in fishing and commercial vessels.

In 1509 he was part of the military expedition led by Cardinal Francisco Jiménez de Cisneros who conquered Oran and then to Gonzalo Fernandez de Cordoba headed in Italy.

In Seville I learned of the project from Portuguese Ferdinand Magellan to discover a western route through a narrow passage or through South America to carry the Spice Islands without going through Portuguese dominions. In 1519 he joined the expedition as boatswain of the ship Conception.

The August 10, 1519, in Seville, was announced the departure of the squadron of five ships, captained by Magallanes descending to reach the Guadalquivir Sanlucar de Barrameda, Cadiz, Spanish port on the Atlantic Ocean. On September 20 the expedition sailed from there and the issue suffered many difficulties.

He wintered in the bay of San Julian, Patagonia, where there was an attempted uprising supported the cause Elcano. The October 21, 1520 they entered the strait that Magellan christened All Saints. On November 28 they went to the South Sea, which they named after the Pacific Ocean or Sea of Ladies by the gentle trade winds blowing. The January 24, 1521 they reached the Marianas or Ladrones. Magellan died in the Philippines and Elcano, who was in command of the expedition, went to the Moluccas, where he arrived in late 1521. There, on the island of Tidore, loaded a large shipment of spices, which are it fulfilled the purpose of the trip. He arrived at the island of Timor (1522) where he learned of the existence of other lands and islands, the current China, Java and Indonesia.

And only with the ship Victoria crossed the Indian Ocean, rounded the Cape of Good Hope (May 1522) in South Africa and, by heading north, reached the Cape Verde Islands, which belonged to the Portuguese Crown. He completed the first circumnavigation of the globe to arrive at the port of departure, Sanlucar de Barrameda, on September 6, 1522 at the Victoria ship, with only 18 men and the ship loaded with spices, a remarkable achievement at the time. The expedition covered 14,000 miles.

Emperor Charles V (Carlos I of Spain) received the survivors in Valladolid and granted him an annual income of 500 gold ducats and a coat of arms, whose crest was a globe with the Primus legend circumdedisti me (The first thing I You hem).

On a second trip to the Moluccas, Juan Sebastian Elcano died on August 4, 1526 he died of scurvy while crossing the Pacific.

THE PRINTING PRESS

The birth of printing dates back to China, in the year 593, when played for the first time and multiply, drawings and texts with the help of printed characters carved wooden boards (woodcut). The invention is because Buddhist monks, that permeated sizes color printing them on silk or paper rags. The movable type printing, and with them, typesetting, are due to the Chinese alchemist Pi Cheng (1040).

Korean type of printing.

















Estás Técnicas Llegaron a Occidente Mucho despues. Gutenberg conocia la Dificultad de imprimir con Páginas enteras talladas en madera e IDEO ONU Modo Más racional de impresión, BASADO en Tipos Móviles. Así, Los Primeros restos hallados de la Técnica del huecograbado Datan del Año 1446 y pertenecen a la ONU maestro Alemán Que grababa Sobre planchas de cobre con ayuda de buril un. Despues la impresión se realizaba sobre papel húmedo y con la ayuda de Una prensa. This Seria Técnicas mejorada en 1878 POR EL austriaco Karl Klietsch, valiéndose de la Aplicación de Cilindros (heliograbado).

Inventor of printing.

















This process will allow the massive, fast and cheap reproduction of relief printing forms based on lead plates.

In 1796, Alois Senefelder invented the Austrian printing technique called lithography. This is the first printing process level. If after fat printing ink on the stone is applied wet areas not accept, while adhering to the rest of the plate, being able to proceed to printing.

In 1822, after the French Ballanche Simon conceived the idea of building an automatic composing texts, the American William Church manages to build the first machine of this type, the compounder. The idea was machined and maximum ease the complicated task of manually compose lead type typography, one by one, forming full texts, as was done since Gutenberg. This raises the first printing of automatic offset. This machine was perfected by Augustus Applegath and Edward Cooper, British engineers, I siguienddo the principle of the machine invented by Hoe, while still working only with loose sheets of paper. Some years later, in 1851, the British constructor T.

Nelson finally manages to develop a rotary printing on continuous paper rolls and, later, in 1863, the American inventor William A. Bullock get the patent for the first rotary press for printing books on continuous role model for subsequent presses. This finding is particularly relevant because from the handpiece designed by Gutenberg to fuse types had hardly changed this technique. This technique, called hectografía, will soon become the standard procedure normally used for small print runs.

Horizontal rotating coil. Used created by John Walter III, the London newspaper The Times owner.








In 1884 highlights an important milestone printing history, the invention of the linotype by the German watchmaker Ottmar Mergenthaler, based on the fully automated composition of texts. Thus, once the composition of a line, the negative impression mold with liquid lead, yielding a lead seal for printing melted.

In 1904 the art of lithography, and overall printing world and reaches its peak with the development of offset printing, used today.

Caspar Hermann before the offset machine invented by him.

MEDIEVAL INSTITUTIONS IN SPAIN

I. THE TRANSITION TO FEUDALISM (ss. IV-X) 

          1. The Old State crisis. The evolution of the Germanic communities: Visigoths.

          2. Institutions Visigoths in the Iberian Peninsula.

          
          3. The incidence of Muslim occupation.

             

          4. Reforestation and emergence of new political formations of the northern                           peninsula.

                    

II. THE IMPLEMENTATION OF THE INSTITUTIONS AND TRAINING

FEUDAL POLICIES (ss. XI-XIII).

         1. Occupation of land. The nobility and the beginnings of the feudal domain.

         2. Evolution and powers of the monarchy. The Curia.

         3. Emergence, evolution and council own institutions.       

III. THE LATE MIDDLE AGES (ss. XIII-XV).

        1. The nobility and the feudal domain. The stately states.

        2. monarchy. Fundamentals, administration, justice and finance.

       3. The institutions of local power: the evolution of municipalities and councils. The                courts.

       4. Crystallization of the hierarchy.

    Throughout the semester the analysis and study addressed in the evolution of

institutions present during the Middle Ages in the Iberian Peninsula. Is intended

especially understanding the origin, transformation and survival of feudal, of

basic importance not only to the medieval period, but also for times

further, where there will still be continuous with factors above phenomena. To understand the crystallization of feudal institutions becomes necessary

They know through what processes, more or less rapid, were created by studying the

different theories about it, and any peculiarities that in this sense, could

collect the Iberian Peninsula. All of this in the relevant social context.

Therefore it is necessary to perceive the phenomena of decomposition of the

ancient societies, at least in passing, over a long period seems

culminating in the tenth and eleventh centuries, and the influence of the Muslim occupation.

Subsequently, the peninsular Christian kingdoms will be organized according to criteria

feudal, about individuals, it is necessary to clearly expose the

importance in the later stages. Finally, the Late Middle Ages,

from approximately mid-thirteenth century, it will develop, from the

first feudal elements, an institutional network, more or less

effective, shall be laying the foundations of what is known today as State

Modern.

The basic criteria to be considered for the study of the subject are based on

particularly the influence of multiculturalism (diversity and coexistence of

medieval societies, its precedents and consequences; for example, the incidence

Muslim and the rest of Europe); in the idea of evolution (all socio-political structure

no remains unchanged); on the weight of the social (diversity of groups, classes

social, and modes of relationship, the organization of power); and the exercise of

historical criticism (lack of absolute historical truth, seeking greater

objectively as possible, using a precise vocabulary, etc.).


Some medieval institutions in Spain:

THE HUNDRED YEARS WAR

The Hundred Years War was fought between England and France and lasted from 1337 to 1453. The war was a series of battles with long periods of peace in between.

In 1337, Edward III had responded to the confiscation of his duchy of Aquitaine by King Philip VI of France by challenging Philip’s right to the French throne, while in 1453 the English had lost the last of their once wide territories in France, after the defeat of John Talbot’s Anglo-Gascon army at Castillon, near Bordeaux.

The overseas possessions of the English kings were the root cause of the tensions with the kings of France, and the tensions reached right back to 1066. William the Conqueror was already duke of Normandy when he became king of England. His great-grandson Henry II, at his accession in 1154, was already count of Anjou by inheritance from his father and duke of Aquitaine (Gascony and Poitou) in right of his wife Eleanor.

These trans-Channel possessions made the kings of England easily the mightiest of the king of France’s vassals, and the inevitable friction between them repeatedly escalated into open hostilities. The Hundred Years War grew out of these earlier clashes and their consequences.

England's King John lost Normandy and Anjou to France in 1204. His son, Henry III, renounced his claim to those lands in the Treaty of Paris in 1259, but it left him with Gascony as a duchy held under the French crown. The English kings’ ducal rights there continued to be a source of disquiet, and wars broke out in 1294 and 1324.

The 1294 outbreak coincided with Edward l’s first clash with the Scots, and thenceforward the French and Scots were allied in all subsequent confrontations with England. It was indeed French support for David Bruce of Scotland, in the face of Edward III’s intervention there, that triggered the breakdown between England and France and culminated in Philip VI’s confiscation of Aquitaine in 1337 - the event that precipitated the Hundred Years War.

Edward’s 1337 riposte - challenging Philip's right to the French throne - introduced a new issue that distinguished this war from previous confrontations. In 1328, Charles IV of France had died without a male heir. A claim for the succession had been made for Edward, then 15 years old, through the right of his mother Isabella, daughter of Philip IV and Charles IV’s sister. But he was passed over in favour of Philip, the son of Philip IV’s younger brother, Charles of Valois.

Edward now revived his claim, and in 1340 formally assumed the title 'King of France and the French Royal Arms'. Historians argue about whether Edward really believed he might actually attain the French throne. Irrespective, his claim gave him very important leverage in his dealings with Philip.

He could use it to stir up trouble by encouraging French malcontents to recognise him as king instead of Philip. He could also use it as a powerful weapon in negotiation, by offering to renounce his claim against very large territorial concessions, for instance the independence of Aquitaine from France - possibly even the cession of Normandy and Anjou on the same terms. 

Edward III and the Black Prince

Edward skilfully played on his claim to the French throne during the 1340s and 1350s to lure discontented French princes and provinces into alliance with him.

Among these were the Flemings, always open to English pressure on account of their commercial links with England; the Montfort claimants to the duchy of Brittany in the succession war that broke out there in 1342; and Charles of Navarre, of the French blood royal and a great Norman vassal and landowner, in the 1350s.

These alliances enabled Edward to render substantial regions of France virtually ungovernable from Paris, and to keep the fighting on French soil going in between occasional English expeditions.